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AS-EASY-AS Version 2.05 TRIUS Inc. 15 Atkinson St. Lynn, Mass. 01905 (C)opyright 1985, 1986 - TRIUS Inc. The ASEASY disk, containing a copy of this manual, may be copied and shared at will, under the condition that the program is not distributed in modified form and that no fee or consideration is charged. Printed copies of this document, may not be copied or distributed without permission from TRIUS Inc. LIMITED WARRANTY THIS PROGRAM IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THESE PROGRAMS IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU (NOT TRIUS INC.) ASSUME THE ENTIRE COST OF ALL NECESSARY REPAIR, SERVICING, OR CORRECTION. IN NO EVENT WILL TRIUS INC. BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY LOST PROFITS, LOST SAVINGS, OR OTHER INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THESE PROGRAMS, EVEN IF TRIUS INC. HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THIS WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, AND YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ THIS AGREEMENT, UNDERSTAND IT, AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS AND CONDITIONS. YOU FURTHER AGREE THAT IT IS THE COMPLETE AND EXCLUSIVE STATEMENT OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN US, WHICH SUPERCEDES ANY PROPOSAL OR PRIOR AGREEMENT, ORAL OR WRITTEN, AND ANY OTHER COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN US. Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page REGISTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 WHAT'S ON THE DISTRIBUTION DISK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 STARTING THE PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 What is a spreadsheet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Sample Application: Month-End Expenses Comparison. . . . . . . 8 How Can a Spreadsheet Help?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Introduction to Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 IBM-PC and Compatibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Memory Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Monochrome Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Color (RGB) or High Resolution (EGA) Monitor . . . . . . . . 14 Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Introduction to DOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 A DOS primer (general).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Organization of AS-EASY-AS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Menus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The HELP Function Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 BASIC OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Bottom Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Commands Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Entering Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Entering Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Entering Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Moving Around the Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Making Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Leaving the Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Saving & Retrieving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Saving the Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Saving Part of the Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 2 Retrieving the Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Combining Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Using Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 What is a range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Defining a Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Pointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Typing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Formulas and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 What is a formula ( as seen by AS-EASY-AS ). . . . . . . . . . 30 Default Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 What is a function?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Entering Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Pointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Typing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Setting Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Why do you need formats ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Set the format for a range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Using Copy and Move. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Copy Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Copying Formulas, Absolute/Relative Addresses . . . . . . . . 36 Moving Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Moving Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Inserting Rows/Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Inserting rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Inserting Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Deleting Rows/Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Deleting Rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Deleting Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Recalculation Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Controlling the Printer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ADVANCED OPERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Levels of Menus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Command Level Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Mathematical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Special Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Mathematical Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Financial Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Statistical Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Logical Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 3 Date Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Invoice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 4 REGISTRATION If you have not purchased your copy directly from TRIUS, Inc. or an authorized TRIUS, Inc. distributor and you find AS-EASY-AS useful, then send a check for $30.00 U.S. to: TRIUS Inc. 15 Atkinson St. Lynn, Mass. 01905 We will send you a diskette that contains the latest version of the AS-EASY-AS system and other utility programs that we know you will find very useful. This is one of many experiments with the user supported concept. If you want low prices and good products, make sure the experiment works - send $30.00 and get your own copy of AS-EASY-AS. We cannot support people who have not purchased authorized copies of AS-EASY-AS from TRIUS Inc. or its distributors. If you have a registered copy of AS-EASY-AS, feel free to write to us with questions and comments. Your questions on how to modify ASEASY will only be answered in a general way. If your diskette goes bad in the first 30 days, we will replace it free; after 30 days we replace it for $10. Site licensing is available from TRIUS, Inc. at reduced rates. If you plan to have a lot of AS-EASY-AS users (more than fifty) at the same location, contact TRIUS, Inc. to arrange a site license. Volume discounts are also available to users that purchase more than 10 copies of AS-EASY-AS at the same time. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 5 WHAT'S ON THE DISTRIBUTION DISK The distribution diskette contains the following files: ASEASY.COM SPREAD.000 SPREAD.MSG SPREAD.HLP ASEASY.DOC READ.ME ORDER.ME EX-STAT.WKS DEMO.WKS AS-EASY-AS diskettes received fron TRIUS Inc., in addition to the above files, also contain various other utility programs which are provided to our customers FREE of charge. Registered users will be notified of future updates, and future enhanced versions of the program will be available to registered users for the fee of $10.00. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 6 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL The AS-EASY-AS user's manual is organized in three main sections: Quick Start, provides enough information for the user who is experienced with computers in general and spreadsheets in particular and who cannot wait to get started. If you fall in this category, then read the short "Starting The Program", roll up your sleeves and start using AS-EASY-AS. Section - 1, provides general information about computers, spreadsheets, the Disk Operating System(DOS), and the organization of AS-EASY-AS. Section - 2, is the guide to the basic AS-EASY-AS operations, with enough information to start you enjoying the benefits of a powerful spreadsheet program. Section - 3, provides the information you would need to take advantage of the advanced features that we have included in our program. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 7 STARTING THE PROGRAM First identify the physical configuration of the computer on which you intend to run the program. Place the AS-EASY-AS system disk in drive A of your computer. This drive is usually located on the left hand side. Then type the following: ASEASY [ENTER] The program will load and start executing. A screen of information will be displayed which discusses some of the features available in the program and the cost to receive the documentation. After reading the preliminary message , simply press any key to enter into the spreadsheet and begin your work. For compatibles or clones which have a monochrome graphics screen and are unable to see the characters because of an incompatible color scheme, it is possible to change the foreground and background colors. This may be done during the initial startup of the program by typing the following; ASEASY /set=$77 [ENTER] The first digit represents the background color and the second the foreground color. In the above example the color has been set to a lightgray background and foreground. Experiment with the values until a color combination results in a visible spreadsheet. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 8 1. GENERAL 1.1 Welcome We welcome you to the world of spreadsheets. You most probably have had the buzz word "spreadsheet" thrown at you a few times and wonder what it means. Don't give up, we will try to explain it to you in simple terms in the sections that follow: 1.2 What is a spreadsheet? The briefest definition we can think of, for a spreadsheet, is: "a sophisticated, yet easy to use, business planning tool, resembling an accountants calculation pad." This definition, although fairly accurate for the first generation spreadsheets years, ago, does not do justice for today's invaluable tools that are used by accountants, engineers, businessmen, housewifes, teachers, students, and virtually anybody that has access to a microcomputer. The best way to really describe a spreadsheet, is to give a simple example of one of its applications. 1.2.1 Sample Application: End-of-Month Expenses Comparison A&B Manufacturing is a worldwide corporation with offices in England, France, Canada, Italy, Germany and Mexico. At the end of each month, when financial statements are generated, the president of the corporation would like to know how much each of the offices in the above country costs to operate, and what percent of its total income this cost constitutes. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 9 A spreadsheet would be the ideal tool for such analysis. A model could be constructed that could be used month after month without repetitious similar calculations, checking and double checking etc. As we said at the beginning of the section, a spreadsheet resembles a calculation pad. This, calculation pad simulation, has rows generally labelled by numbers, and columns labelled by letters. Each position in the pad (in spreadsheet language called 'cell') is identified by a letter and a number that indicate the row and column the cell belongs to. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 10 1.2.2 How Can a Spreadsheet Help? Lets consider what the spreadsheet model for A&B Manufacturing would look like for the month of July 1992. /............A/............B/..............C/............D/ ============================================================= 1 || | A & B Manufacturing | | 2 || | -------------------- | | 3 || | July 1992 | | 4 || | | | 5 || | INCOME | EXPENSES | EXPENSES | 6 || OFFICE |(in millions)| (in millions) |(% OF INCOME)| 7 || ------ | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | 8 || | | | | 9 ||ENGLAND | 123.5 | 81.2 | 65.7 | 10 ||FRANCE | 62.8 | 39.5 | 62.9 | 11 ||CANADA | 223.3 | 117.3 | 52.5 | 12 ||ITALY | 44.0 | 31.9 | 72.5 | 13 ||GERMANY | 98.1 | 55.0 | 56.1 | 14 ||MEXICO | 33.0 | 9.1 | 27.6 | 15 || | | | | 16 || | ------ | ------ | ------- | 17 || TOTAL | 584.7 | 334.0 | 57.1 | 18 || | | | | As you can very easily see, this simple model can give the president of A & B invaluable information about the different offices of the company. For example, based on the above information, he could ask his office in Italy to explain why the expenses were such a high percentage of the total income. By the same token, he could congratulate his office in Mexico for having a high profit margin. The beauty of a spreadsheet, however, is more than skin deep. Not only does the above model provide useful information, but once developed, it can be used month after month to provide a consistent basis for comparison. Better yet, if when the president inquires as to the high expenses of the Italy office, he finds that there was an error in the figures and the actual *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 11 expense was only 21.9 million, then all he has to do, is change ONLY the 31.9 in the above model and the results are automatically updated. The reason is that in the development of the model, contained in column D and cells B17 and C17 are equations that relate to the other cells. Without attempting to shower you with a lot of details, (those can be found through the rest of the manual) cell B17 contains the equation @SUM(B9..B14) which says: Add the contents of the cells from B9 to B14 and place the result here. As another example, cell D17 contains the equation (C17/D17)*100, which says: Divide the contents of cell C17 by the contents in cell D17, multiply the result by 100 and place the final result in this cell. Every time the value in cell C17, for example, changes, the equation in cell D17 is executed, and the new result is displayed in the cell. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 12 Continuing with our simple example, when the president of A & B Manufacturing found the error in the figures for the Italy office, he entered the correct number in cell C12, and the new spreadsheet model was automatically displayed as follows: /............A/............B/..............C/............D/ ============================================================ 1 || | A & B Manufacturing | | 2 || | -------------------- | | 3 || | July 1992 | | 4 || | | | 5 || | INCOME | EXPENSES | EXPENSES | 6 || OFFICE |(in millions)| (in millions) |(% OF INCOME)| 7 || ------ | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | 8 || | | | | 9 ||ENGLAND | 123.5 | 81.2 | 65.7 | 10 ||FRANCE | 62.8 | 39.5 | 62.9 | 11 ||CANADA | 223.3 | 117.3 | 52.5 | 13 ||GERMANY | 98.1 | 55.0 | 56.1 | 14 ||MEXICO | 33.0 | 9.1 | 27.6 | 15 || | | | | 16 || | ------ | ------ | ------- | 17 || TOTAL | 584.7 | 324.0 | 55.4 | 18 || | | | | Please keep in mind that this is a very simple model for even the most modest spreadsheet, and it was presented here only to provide you with a means for understanding spreadsheets in general. As you read through this manual, it will become apparent to you how much help a powerful spreadsheet like AS-EASY-AS can provide for most of your time consuming calculations. 1.3 Introduction to Hardware This chapter is not meant to make you a hardware expert but rather to provide you with a non-technical introduction to the world of personal computers. If you already are familiar with the material *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 13 in this section, please feel free to skip it. 1.3.1 IBM-PC and Compatibles AS-EASY-AS was written at the same time on an IBM PC and a ZENITH Z-150. Both machines were equiped with 640K ,two disk drives and monochrome and color graphics adaptors. The program has been successfully tested on a variety of PC clone machines. 1.3.2 Memory Requirements The AS-EASY-AS spreadsheet operates best with a minimum system memory of 256K. Approximately 80k is occupied by the program code and an additional 50k is devoted to internal pointers and variables used by the program. Spreadsheet data is stored internally using a sparse matrix technique which only uses up the space required for each cell. An program overlay technique was used to provide greater functionality in a tight code. Try to start thinking of RAM as scratch paper on which you do all your work before you copy it over to your final notebook when you get it right. Better yet, think of it as chalk board of limited capacity which you can, however, erase and use over again. Just like the chalk board, if you use the eraser before you transfer the work to your notebook, all your work is lost and you have to start from scratch. RAM is measured in K's where K is an abbreviation for the number 1,024. In reality, K is the abreviation for the metric prefix Kilo which means one thousand, but since 1,024 is close to a thousand K or Kilo has been established in the computer lingo to mean 1,024 (bytes). In order to get a better feeling of what a K of memory means to you the computer user, consider the following: a system with 128K of RAM, can hold 128 x 1,024 = 131,072 of characters in its memory *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 14 (one character occupies one byte in the computer's memory). 1.3.3 Monitors You can use AS-EASY-AS with either a monochrome or color graphics display. However, when using a monochrome video adaptor, it is not possible to use the graphics options and display graphs. AS-EASY-AS determines the type of monitor which is attached and adjusts its output accordingly. Information is written directly to the screen memory. 1.3.3.1 IBM Monochrome Monitor The program can be used with a monochrome monitor, either with a monochrome video board, or a Hercules-type monochrome graphics video board. If, however, a monochrome video board is used, the graphics option is inoperable. On the other hand, a monochrome monitor with a Hercules-type video board will result in high resolution, crisp graphs. To use AS-EASY-AS with a Hercules-type board, don't forget to start the program with the Hercules switch, i.e. ASEASY /H 1.3.3.2 IBM Color Graphics Monitor (or EGA) Default screen colors have been set internally. However some monochrome monitors which have graphics boards do not visibly display the default colors. Therefore you may alter the foreground and background colors at program execution time by typing the following: ASEASY /SET=$77 [enter] *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 15 The first two digit represents the background color and the second two digit represents the foreground color. The example above sets the background (used for reverse video) and foreground (used by text in the spreadsheet ) colors to lightgray. Please note that the color numbers above are in hexadecimal and must be preceded by a $ sign. The above color switches are operable on any monitor connected to a color graphics board. If your system is equipped with an EGA board, you should remember to start the program with the EGA switch, i.e. ASEASY /E This adjusts the background color of the graphs to black. 1.3.4 Printers AS-EASY-AS provides access to control codes which enable special features of your particular printer to be used. Commonly used codes for the EPSON series of printers follows: \027\069 Turn on Emphasized text \027\070 Turn off Emphasized text \015 Turn on Condensed text For more information on controlling the printer see the chapter discussing the PRINTER menu commands. 1.4 Introduction to DOS The Disk Operating System, or DOS, is the "brains" for your computer. It keeps track of what's on the diskettes, what is in internal memory, and is the bridge that you have to cross when *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 16 going from one aplication to another. Several DOS versions exist; 1.xx, 2.xx, and 3.xx. AS-EASY-AS should works with any version later than 2.00. If you have any problems, please contact us. 1.4.1 A DOS primer (general). When DOS is waiting for a command from you, it displays a letter and the symbol ">" (unless you have changed the prompt). The letter shows the default drive; which is, the disk drive it will use for your next file access if you don't explicitly give a drive letter. For example, the default DOS prompt is: A> (for diskette based systems) C> (for hard disk systems) Some the functions of the DOS commands are to format new diskettes; get a listing (directory) of files on a diskette, type, copy, rename, and delete files. Since AS-EASY-AS has no way to do these things (at least in its current version), you have to use these DOS commands to do them. We suggest, if you haven't done so already , that you become familiar with the following DOS commands: FORMAT DIR TYPE COPY RENAME DEL In order to help you out, we at least give you the basic function and form of these commands below. Command You Type Description FORMAT FORMAT B: prepare a new diskette for files. FORMAT B:/V prepare a new diskette for files, and add a name to the diskette. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 17 FORMAT B:/S prepare a new diskette for files, and transfer the DOS system to the diskette as well. DIR DIR list all the files on the diskette in the default drive. DIR A: or B: list all the files on the diskette in drive A or drive B. TYPE TYPE A:fl1.doc print the file fl1.doc (from drive A:), on the screen. COPY COPY a:f1 b:f2 copy file f1 from drive A to file f2 on drive B:. RENAME REN b:f1 b:f2 change the name file f1 (on drive B) to f2. DEL DEL a:f1.xxx delete file f1.xxx on drive A, (you no longer have access ti it). 1.5 Organization of AS-EASY-AS 1.5.1 Menus. Many powerful commands for manipulating the spreadsheet may be accessed by activating the main menu. This may be done by pressing the [/] key. It is usually located on the right side of the keyboard, just above the space bar. Once this key is pressed a horizontal menu will appear on the second line of the screen. The first option in the menu will be highlighted by a moveable pointer. The pointer can be moved by pressing the right and left cursor keys (on the numeric keypad ). To select a command or submenu highlight the option and press the [enter] key. OR press the first letter of the selected option. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 18 1.5.2 Files. All spreadsheet files are saved in one form with an extension of WKS . This is done automatically. You need only specify the rootname. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 19 1.6 The HELP Function Key Help is at your fingertips, at any time, from within an AS-EASY-AS worksheet. By pressing the [F1] key, you have instant access to a help file that should answer most of your questions. When you press the [F1] key, a help screen appears that tells you how to correctly start AS-EASY-AS for your hardware configuration. The bottom line of the screen displays the following commands: Next, Previous, Topics, Quit Next - displays the following page of the help file. Previous - displays the previous page of the help file. Topics - allows you to go directly to one of the ten major topics covered in the help file. Quit - returns you to the worksheet. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 20 2. BASIC OPERATIONS 2.1 The Worksheet This section provides the information required to perform all basic functions available in AS-EASY-AS. 2.1.1 Bottom Row A line of status information is displayed below the spreadsheet at the bottom of the screen. At the left of this status line is the amount of free memory, displayed as a percentage (and kilobytes), which is unused by the spreadsheet. As more and more information is placed into the spreadsheet this number will decrease in size. A clock showing the system time is updated every elapsed second and displayed at the far right of the status line. The status of some of the keyboard keys is displayed in the middle of the status line. Each key is represented as being active by a short name appearing in reverse video. The keys are: CAP - capital lock, letters will appear as upper case NUM - Numeric keypad selected/cursor keypad inactive SCR - No function END - Next cursor keystroke initiates a range movement Manual calculation mode is represented in reverse video by the name: MAN - Only an edited cell is recalculated. All other refering cells are not calculated and remain unchanged When in the recalculation mode the address of the cell which is in the process of being calculated is displayed in the center of the status line. In a lengthy recalculation you will see this value constantly updated. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 21 There is, however, a time cost to update the cell indicator. This feature, when turned off, will speed spreadsheet calculations by approximately 25% or more. 2.1.2 Commands Area In order to manipulate the spreadsheet a series of commands have been provided. The command menu is activated by pressing the [/] key. A menu of choices will appear in the commands area. The commands area appears at lines 2 and 3 of the screen. The first line is used to display the menu choices. The second line displays information about the highlighted menu choice. This information is either a short description of the command or a list of additional sub-menu command choices. Each command may be selected by highlighting with the left and right cursor arrows ( located on the numeric keypad at the right of the keyboard ) and pressing [enter] . Make sure that the NUMLCK status indicator is NOT displayed. Alternatively the command may be selected by pressing the first letter of each command choice. The third line of the command area shows a brief description of the function keys as defined by AS-EASY-AS. 2.1.3 Entering Values A value is any sequence of digits. AS-EASY-AS supports 11 significant digits. Large numbers are entered by using exponential notation. For example the number 2.3 x 10^15 would be entered as follows: 2.3E15 [enter] All entries must be finalized by pressing the [enter] key. If that key has not been pressed the [BackSpace] key may be used to delete *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 22 the previously entered digit. In later sections you will find out how to change the contents of a cell after the [enter] key has been pressed. 2.1.4 Entering Labels A label is any sequence of characters which is not preceded with a digit or mathematical operator. However digits may be entered as labels if they are preceded with either a single quote ['], a caret [^], a double quote ["], or a backslash [\]. These characters are special formating characters which perform the following: ['] - Left justifies the label within the column [^] - Centers the label within the column. If the label is wider than the column the result is a left justification. ["] - Right justifies the label within the column. If the label is wider than the column the result is a left justification. [\] - Repeats the character which follows to the width of the column. If one of the special formatting characters is not used as the first character in the label, AS-EASY-AS automatically inserts the single quote ['] as the first character. These characters are interpreted normally if they appear other than in the first position of the label. Examples: ENTER RESULT Account Label - Account (Justification depends on default setting, normally left justified) *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 23 'Quantity Label - Quantity (Left justified regardless of the default setting) ^1-Total Label - 1-Total (Centered regardless of default setting) "Amount Label - Amount (Right Justified regardless of default setting) \= Label - Cell filled with equal signs 12a Error - String starts with numeral and is not preceeded by one of the special label signs above. 2.1.5 Entering Formulas A formula consists of a series of numbers, cell references or functions separated with the following mathematical operators. [-] - negation [+] - addition [-] - subtraction [*] - multiplication [/] - division [^] - exponentiation [>] - greater than [<] - less than [=] - equal to [<=] - less than or equal [>=] - greater than or equal [<>] - not equal to [()] - parentheses A formula must be preceded by one of the following characters: [-],[+],[(],[@] or a digit. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 24 Result For example: 1.1+2*3+5^2 32.1 (a1=4) +A1*2+5.5 13.5 @SQRT(A1)+5 7.0 (2*A1+3)*3 33.0 -5.1+2 -3.1 2>3 0 3>2 1 5>=2 1 5<>4 1 6=6 1 6=5 0 2.1.6 Moving Around the Worksheet First make sure the NUM status indicator is NOT displayed on the status line. This means that the cursor keypad is active. Next take a close look at the cursor keypad.( usually located on the right side of your keyboard ). Each of those keys performs the following action: [HOME] - Move the cursor to cell position A1. [UP] - Move the cursor up one row [PGUP] - Move the cursor up 20 rows [LEFT] - Move the cursor left one column [RIGHT] - Move the cursor right one column [END] - This key acts in combination with the NEXT key pressed by moving to the edge of the range in the direction of the NEXT key. [END] [UP] - Move to far top of range [END] [DOWN] - Move to far bottom of range [END] [LEFT] - Move to far left of range [END] [RIGHT]- Move to far right of range [END] [HOME] - Move to lower right corner of worksheet *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 25 [DOWN] - Move the cursor down one row. [PGDN] - Move the cursor down 20 rows. Additional movement may be achieved with the following keys: [TAB RIGHT] - Move one page to the right ( just below [ESC] key) [TAB LEFT] - Move one page to the left [F5] - Goto specified cell, ( Function key 5 at the left) 2.1.7 Making Changes Changes to a cell may be done by retyping over the cell and pressing [enter] or by pressing the edit function key [F2]. [F2] causes the contents of the current cell to be placed on line 2 of the screen and the mode indicator is changed to EDIT. The character cursor is positioned at the end of the line. Changes are made by moving the character cursor to the desired position and typing the new characters. All text to the right of the cursor is shifted to the right of each inserted character. After each character is input the cursor position is moved to the right one character. If the length of text exceeds 80 characters the text will continue on line 3. The following keys may be used for editing: [LEFT] - Move the cursor one position to the left. [RIGHT] - Move the cursor one position to the right. [HOME] - Move the cursor to the first character position. [END] - Move the cursor to the last character position. [INS] - Insert a space at the position of the cursor. [DEL] - Delete the character underneath the cursor. [BACKSPACE] - Delete the character left of the cursor. [TAB] - Move 8 positions to the right [SHIFT] [TAB] - Move 8 positions to the left [CTL] [RIGHT] - Move to the beginning of the next word *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 26 [CTL] [LEFT] - Move to the beginning of the previous word [ESC] - Cancel all editing and leave original cell contents After all changes have been made you must press the [ENTER] key to insert the changes into the current cell in the worksheet. Example: A cell contains the label TOTOL and you want to change it to TOTAL. Move the cursor to that cell, Press [F2], the cursor would appear immediately to the right of the last letter, L Press [LEFT] [LEFT], Press [DEL] to delete the O Press [A], this should insert the character A immediately before the O, Press [ENTER], and the new contents of the cell is TOTAL. 2.1.8 Leaving the Worksheet You've just completed your masterpiece spreadsheet and your ready to call it quits for the day. First make sure that you have saved the latest version of the spreadsheet. Then access the command menu by pressing the [/] key. A menu of commands will appear horizontally across the second line from the top of the screen. Select the QUIT command by moving the cursor ( with the cursor control arrows ) and highlight that command. Press [enter]. You will be given a second chance to change your mind. The program asks if you want to quit YES or NO. Highlight the word YES and press [enter]. The program will now return to DOS. If you performed the above keystrokes by accident and did not intend to leave the spreadsheet, you are out of luck because all spreadsheet *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 27 information in the computer has been lost. ALWAYS remember to save your spreadsheet frequently! 2.2 Saving & Retrieving 2.2.1 Saving Worksheet To save the entries you have made in the worksheet you must first activate the command menu. Press the [/] key. You will see the menu appear on line 2 at the top of the screen. Select the FILE command choice by moving the cursor to highlight that word. Press [ENTER]. You now see a new menu of file command choices. Make sure you have a formatted disk available, with room for extra worksheet files. Place the disk in Drive B and close the door. Select the SAVE command choice by moving the cursor to highlight that word. Press [ENTER]. You will be prompted for the name of your worksheet. Any name is valid providing it has up to 8 characters and does not contain any of the following characters: []*?#. When the name has been completed press [ENTER]. The worksheet is now being saved. The drive indicator light will glow for a few seconds as the information is being written to the diskette. If there is insufficient space available on your diskette a warning BEEP will be heard and a status message will appear on the status line. You must press [ESC] to continue. Replace the disk in Drive B with a formatted disk with sufficient free memory and repeat the above process. 2.2.2 Saving Part of the Worksheet Sometimes it may be appropriate to save only a small portion of the spreadsheet. This may be achieved by using the /FILE XTRACT command. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 28 The first step is to define the range that one desires to save. This may be done by using the POINTER method or the TYPING method. Once the XTRACT command has been selected AS-EASY-AS will prompt for the name of the file. Type the name and press [enter]. DO NOT add an extention when you type the name as this is performed automatically by ASEASY. 2.2.3 Retrieving the Worksheet To retrieve a spreadsheet select the /FILE RETRIEVE command. A menu of worksheet files will appear on the third line of the screen. A particular file may be selected by moving the pointer to highlight that file and then pressing [enter]. Note that although only eight files are displayed , more files can be viewed if the pointer is moved to the right past the edge of the screen. Its like scrolling the line of choices by eight files. Moving the pointer to the left achieves the same result. Moving the cursor downward results in a display of all the worksheet (WKS or WK1) files present on the disk (or the current subdirectory) An alternate way to select the file is to type the filename (DON'T type the extension ) and then press [enter]. 2.2.4 Combining Worksheets Sometimes it may be appropriate to combine a small worksheet with a bigger worksheet. This may be done with the /FILE COMBINE command. It is similar to the retrieve command but the file will be loaded into the position occupied by the spreadsheet pointer. The new file will totally overwrite any information already existing in the cells so you should use this option only if the information in your current spreadsheet is not important or has been saved in advance. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 29 2.3 Using Ranges 2.3.1 What is a range A range is defined by AS-EASY-AS as any RECTANGULAR grouping of cells in the spreadsheet. A range can be as narrow as a single row in depth and as deep as all the rows in the spreadsheet. Similarly a range can be as narrow as a single column in width and as wide as all the columns in the spreadsheet ( all 256). A range is described to ASEASY by specifying the upper left cell and lower right cell of the range. The cells must be seperated by two periods '..' . An example of this is A1..D5. This includes all cells in column's A,B,C and D and all rows inluding 1,2,3,4 and 5. The entire group of cells looks like this. A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4 A5 B5 C5 D5 2.3.2 Defining a Range Ranges are usually defined by using one of two possible methods, Pointing to the cell or range of cells , or actually typing in the range ( upper left cell followed by two periods and then the lower right cell ). A third method is to type a predefined range name in response to the range prompt. 2.3.2.1 Pointing Pointing to a cell simply involves moving the cursor with the direction keys located on the numeric keypad. It is best to use this method in response to COPY or MOVE commands. When AS-EASY-AS *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 30 asks for the range , move the pointer by pressing one of the direction keys. Notice that the pointer expands on the screen and that the corner cells change to reflect the new pointer position. In the middle of the leading edge of the pointer you will see a small blinking cursor. This indicates the edge of the range which you can expand or contract. To switch to some other edge of the range press the period '.' . Notice that the little cursor actually jumps to the other corner of the range. If you press the period 4 times you will return to your starting position. Pressing the period is called ANCHORING because it also fixes one edge of the pointer and prevents it from moving. When the range has been completly highlighted press the [enter] key. This fixes the range permanently and allows any action to occur. i.e. if the range was entered in response to a COPY command the copy will be intitiated. 2.3.2.2 Typing Typing a range may be done by specifying diagonally opposite cell corners of the range each seperated by two (2) periods '.' . Example: A1..D5 defines the same range as D1..A5. When the entry is finished press the [enter] key to finalize your definition. 2.4 Formulas and Functions 2.4.1 What is a formula ( as seen by AS-EASY-AS ). As we mentioned in the introduction, the power of spreadsheets stems from the ability to inter-relate the contents of their cells. These relationships are set through the use of formulas that are entered directly into the cells.Once entered, the formulas may be saved saved with the spreadsheet, copied, edited, or moved etc. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 31 Relationships between cells are formed using algebraic, statistical or logical expressions. Once a formula is typed in and [ENTER] is pressed, it is evaluated and the result is placed in the cell. Examples: CELL CONTENTS EXPLANATION A1 +A10+B1 Add contents of A10 to contents of B1 and place the result in A1. K1 +C2/(D4-F9) Subtract contents of F9 from contents of D4, divide contents of C2 by this total, and place the result in K1. O13 @SUM(G1..G26) Sum the contents of cells G1 through G26 (inclusive), and place the result in O13. L1 @IF(A1=0,1,+S20) Check the content of A1. If it is zero, place a numeral 1 in cell L1, if not copy the contents of S20 to L1. This is short list of examples to get you acquainted with the concept of formulas. Section 3, "Advanced Operations" gives a complete list of all the available functions and numerous examples of how to use them in formulas. 2.9.1 Default Mode The default mode after starting the program is NATURAL recalculation. Each time a new formula or value is entered in a cell all the refering cells are automatically recalculated. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 32 2.4.2 What is a function? AS-EASY-AS provides the user with many predefined formulas. These formulas (functions), are very valuable since they can save a lot of time entering complex and error prone but useful formulas. AS-EASY-AS function beging with the at-sign (@). In order to use one of these functions, you have to supply the function name and the required parameter values or arguments. The number of arguments required by each function varies as does the meaning of each argument. The arguments, supplied for each function, are enclosed in parenthesis. The form for using a function is as follows: @function(argument1,argument2,........) Details about the functions available in AS-EASY-AS and the way to invoke them are provided in Part III, Advanced Use. 2.4.3 Entering Formulas There are two ways to enter a formula into an AS-EASY-AS cell. One is by typing the whole formula and the other is by pointing to the relevant cells. Which method you use is entirely up to you. However, we might suggest that if you are entering formulas that relate cells far apart, the pointing method might prove helpful, since you can look for the right cells as you are typing the formula. For example, lets say that you want to enter the following formula in cell B6. @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1*C3) This could be acomplished in two ways as shown below (it is assumed that the cursor is already in cell B6). *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 33 2.4.3.1 Pointing Type Press Shown on Control Panel @SUM( @SUM( [LEFT] @SUM(A6 [UP] @SUM(A5 (period) . @SUM(A5..A5 [DOWN](7 times) @SUM(A5..A12 ) @SUM(A5..A12) + @SUM(A5..A12)+ [HOME] @SUM(A5..A12)+A1 / @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/ ( @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/( [RIGHT] @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1 * @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1* [RIGHT] @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1*C1 [DOWN] @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1*C2 [DOWN] @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1*C3 ) @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1*C3) [ENTER] @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1*C3) And the calculated value is displayed in cell B6. 2.4.3.2 Typing Since the cursor is already in cell B6, just type @SUM(A5..A12)+A1/(B1*C3) and pres [ENTER]. The calculated value will appear in cell B6, and the above equation will show on the control panel. 2.5 Setting Formats Format refers to the way the contents of a cell look. CAUTION, there is a big difference between the contents of a cell look and the way the contents of that cell are stored internally in *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 34 AS-EASY-AS. Keep that in mind at all times. 2.5.1 Why do you need formats ? Imagine that a cell contains the result of calculation where you are trying to figure out the monthly payments on a loan. Let's say that the calculated payment was 657.17625412 per month. Do you really want to be staring at 8 decimal points? Most likely not, and that's where formats come in. A better way to display that would be: 657.18 (rounded to two decimals, cents) or better yet, $657.18. We want to caution you again that even though the value is displayed as 657.18, the value stored in the cell, and used in any calculations involving that cell, is 657.17625412. 2.5.2 Set the format for a range Formats can be set for a single cell or for a whole range of cells through the /Range, Format command. Details about the types of formats available in AS-EASY-AS can be found in Part III of this manual. 2.6 Using Copy and Move *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 35 The Copy and Move commands can be used to copy, or move, values formulas or text that exist in a cell or in a group of cells. Both commands need two parameters specified, the 'Copy or Move From' range and the 'Copy or Move To' range. In the case of copying or moving formulas, what ends up in the 'Copy or Move To' range, depends on the formulas being transfered. Formulas that contain relative references are translated by the copy command. 2.6.1 Copy Values Copying values is a very simple operation that duplicates the value in a cell into another user specified cell. For example, to copy the value from cell B5 to cell C6, simply enter the following sequence of commands (we assume the ponter is already in cell B5): /c [ENTER] [LEFT] [DOWN] [ENTER] (Pointing Method) or /c B5 [ENTER] C6 [ENTER] (Typing Method) To copy range of values to another range, for example the values in cells A1,A2,A3,B1,B2,B3 to the cells D1,D2,D3,E1,E2,E3, type the following commands(cursor assumed to be in cell A1): /c.[DOWN] [DOWN] [RIGHT] [ENTER] [RIGHT] [RIGHT] [RIGHT] [ENTER] or /c A1..B3 [ENTER] D1 [ENTER] *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 36 2.6.2 Copy Formulas - Absolute/Relative Addresses. Formulas can use cells either as absolute or as relative addresses. The type of the address used does not effect the result of the calculation, but it does affect what gets transfered during a Copy or a Move command. Let's take an example of three cells containing the following ($ is used to indicate absolute address): cell B1 contains A1+A2 '' B2 '' A1+$A2 '' B3 '' A1+$A$2 The results in cells B1, B2 and B3 should be identical. Now let's copy the cells B1, B2 and B3 to C2, C3 and C4 respectively, and let's see what the new cells contain. Cell C2 : B2+B3 Copied from original formula that said (in English): Add the contents of the cell one column to the left (A1) to the contents of the cell one column to the left and one row down (A2). Cell C3 : B2+$A3 Copied from original formula that said (in English): Add the contents of the cell one column to the left (A1) to the contents of the cell in column A ($A) and one row down. Cell C4 : B2+$A$2 Copied from original formula that said (in English): Add the contents of the cell one column to the left (A1) to the contents of the cell in column A ($A) and in row 2 ($2). *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 37 2.6.3 Move Values Moving values is a very simple operation that relocates the value from a cell into another user specified cell. For example, to move the value from cell B5 to cell C6, simply enter the folowing sequence of commands (we assume the pointer is allready in cell B5): /m [ENTER] [LEFT] [DOWN] [ENTER] (Pointing Method) or /m B5 [ENTER] C6 [ENTER] (Typing Method) To move range of values to another range, for example the values in cells A1,A2,A3,B1,B2,B3 to the cells D1,D2,D3,E1,E2,E3, type the following commands(cursor assumed to be in cell A1): /m.[DOWN] [DOWN] [RIGHT] [ENTER] [RIGHT] [RIGHT] [RIGHT] [ENTER] or /m A1..B3 [ENTER] D1 [ENTER] 2.6.4 Move Formulas - Absolute/Relative Addresses. The rules that apply to copying cells also apply to moving cells. Let's take an example of three cells containing the following ($ is used to indicate absolute address): cell B1 contains A1+A2 *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 38 '' B2 '' A1+$A2 '' B3 '' A1+$A$2 The results in cells B1, B2 and B3 should be identical. Now let's move the cells B1, B2 and B3 to C2, C3 and C4 respectively, and let's see what the new cells contain. Cell C2 : B2+B3 Moved from original formula that said (in English): Add the contents of the cell one column to the left (A1) to the contents of the cell one column to the left and one row down (A2). Cell C3 : B2+$A3 Moved from original formula that said (in English): Add the contents of the cell one column to the left (A1) to the contents of the cell in column A ($A) and one row down. Cell C4 : B2+$A$2 Moved from original formula that said (in English): Add the contents of the cell one column to the left (A1) to the contents of the cell in column A ($A) and in row 2 ($2). 2.7 Inserting Rows/Columns Columns and rows can be inserted anywhere in the worksheet however, the user should be careful about inserting within named ranges, and within ranges that are operated upon by the AS-EASY-AS functions 2.7.1 Inserting rows *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 39 The Insert Rows function is invoked by the commands: /Worksheet, Insert, Row To insert a row, let's say between rows 3 and 4, bring the cursor to any cell in row 4 and press the following keys: /wir [ENTER] This will insert a blank row 4 and all the rows between the original row 4 and the bottom of the worksheet will move one position down. To insert 3 rows between rows 6 and 7, bring the cursor to any cell in row 7 and type the following: /wir . [DOWN] [DOWN] [ENTER] This will insert three blank rows after row 6, and all the rows between the original row 7 and the end of the worksheet will move three positions down. 2.7.2 Inserting Columns The Insert Columns function is invoked by the commands: /Worksheet, Insert, Column To insert a column, let's say between columns A and B, bring the cursor to any cell in column B and press the following keys: /wic [ENTER] This will insert a blank column B and all the columns beetween the original column B and the left end of the worksheet will move one position to the left. To insert 3 columns between columns A and B, bring the cursor to any cell in column B and type the following: *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 40 /wic . [LEFT] [LEFT] [LEFT] This will insert three blank columns after column A, and all the columns between the original column B and the left end of the workseet will move three positions to the left. 2.8 Deleting Rows/Columns Columns and rows can be deleted anywhere in the worksheet however, the user should be careful about deleting within named ranges, and within ranges that are operated upon by the AS-EASY-AS functions 2.8.1 Deleting rows The Delete Rows function is invoked by the commands: /Worksheet, Delete, Row To delete a row, let's say row 4, bring the cursor to any cell in row 4 and press the following keys: /wdr [ENTER] This will delete row 4 and all the rows below 4 and the bottom of the worksheet will move one position up. To delete 3 rows starting at row 7,(i.e. 7,8,9) bring the cursor to any cell in row 7 and type the following: /wdr . [DOWN] [DOWN] [ENTER] This will delete three rows (7,8,9), and all the rows between the original row 10 and the end of the workseet will move three positions up. All formulas referencing deleted cells will be changed to 'ERR'. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 41 2.8.2 Deleting Columns The Delete Columns function is invoked by the commands: /Worksheet, Delete, Column To delete a column, let's say column B, bring the cursor to any cell in column B and press the following keys: /wdc [ENTER] This will delete column B and all the columns between the original column C and the right end of the worksheet will move one position to the left. To delete 3 columns starting at column B, bring the cursor to any cell in column B and type the following: /wdc . [LEFT] [LEFT] [LEFT] This will delete three columns after (B,C,D), and all the columns between the original column E and the right end of the worksheet will move three positions to the left. 2.9.2 Recalculation Modes Recalculation refers to the manner in which all references within a spreadsheet are mathematically calculated. As a spreadsheet gets more and more complicated the number of calculations increases. If every cell within the spreadsheet were calculated each time a cell was updated it would take a lengthy period just to make any changes. Therefore an alternate method is to calculated only those cells which are DEPENDANT on the updated cell. Each dependant cell may have one or more dependant cells which must also be calculated, and so on until a root cell ( a cell with no dependant references to it ) is reached and the *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 42 calculation sequence stops. This method is called AUTOMATIC recalculation. To activate AUTOMATIC recalculation press the following sequence of keys. /wgda [enter] Which stands for the following commands. Menu, Worksheet, Global, Default, Automatic. In some cases even this linked recalculation sequence may be to long. Therefore the calculation sequence can be TURNED OFF while a series of changes are being made to the spreadsheet. This method is called MANUAL recalculation. After the changes are completed the spreadsheet may be updated by pressing the CALC function key [F9]. To activate MANUAL recalculation press the following sequence of keys. /wgdm [enter] Which stands for the following commands. Worksheet, Global, Default, Manual. When manual recalculation has been selected, the indicator 'MAN' will appear on the status line. 2.10 Printing You can print any portion of the spreadsheet to either a PRINTER or a print FILE (on your disk) by selecting the PRINT option from the main menu. For example to get into the print menu, press the following sequence of keys. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 43 /pp Which stands for / Print Printer. All print output is now directed to the printer attached to LPT1. or /pfTEST [enter] Which stands for / Print File At this point the program asks for the name of the print file. The name is TEST. An extension of '.prn' will be automatically attached to the name. YOU are now in the print menu itself where all the variations of printing may be defined. You should see the following selections on the command line. Range Line Page Align Other Go Quit Range - stands for the rectangular area of the spreadsheet which is to be printed. This must be defined prior to initiating printing. Line - this advances the paper in the printer a single line upwards. Page - this advances the paper in the printer to the top of the next page Align - Since most computers don't know exactly where the top of the page is you have to tell it. So line up the paper perforation with the top of your printers print head. Then select ALIGN. This synchronizes the computers Top of Page with the printer. Other - This selection allows access to another menu of printer options like margins, page-lengths, headers, footers *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 44 and printer setup strings. Go - Finally when your ready to print, select go. Notes: You can stop the printer at any time by pressing the [ESC] key. 2.10.1 Controlling the Printer With every type of printer you usually get a printer manual. Somewhere in the manual are instructions for formatting the appearance of characters produced by the printer. These instructions usually consist of a series of codes sent to the printer. For example the codes to produce EMPHASIZED text with an EPSON type printer are: 027 069 The number 27 stands for the [escape] code and the number 69 stands for the capital letter 'E'. You can define the codes by selecting the following PRINT commands: OPTION SETUP The codes must be placed in a SETUP string. The spreadsheet accepts codes only if they are seperated by a back-slash character. [\] . For the above example type the following in response to the prompt for the setup string: \027\069 [enter] If you want to change the string you can edit it by reselecting the SETUP option. Other commonly used codes for an EPSON type printer are: *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 45 \027\070 Turn the emphasized off \015 Turn on condensed text \018 Turn off condensed text \014 Turn on Enlarged text \020 Turn off Enlarged text It is possible to place several different codes in the same Setup string. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 46 3 ADVANCED OPERATIONS 3.1 Levels of Menus Access to a powerful set of commands for reformating, rearranging and displaying data is achieved by pressing the '/' key. A menu will appear on the second line from the top of the screen. The first command option is highlighted. On the third line of the screen is a brief explanation of the highlighted command or a list of sub-menus. Each command in the menu can be selected by two methods. The first way is to move the cursor with the {Left} and {Right} cursor keys so as to highlight the command choice. Once this is done the command is activated by pressing the [ENTER] key. The second method of selecting an option is to type the first letter of that option. For example to select the FILE menu press the letter 'F', to select the PRINT menu press the letter 'P'. The following is a list of the command options. The [ESC] key may be pressed to step backwards out of a menu or cancel a command choice. At the end of this listing, you can find a concise menu level reference chart. Main Menu /Worksheet Global Format - Set the format of all undefined cells in the spreadsheet(see /Range Format Label-Prefix - Set the default formating prefix, default is the left justification, apostrophe (') Recalculation *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 47 Manual - Select manual recalculation, press [F9] A status indicator is displayed at the bottom of the screen Automatic - Select automatic recalculation Display - Set cell indicator On/Off ColumnWidth - Set the width of all undefined columns in the spreadsheet Status - Display the global settings of the spreadsheet. This information includes the boundarys of the working area and the available free memory. Insert Row - Insert row(s) at cursor position. More than one row may be inserted by expanding the pointer. Press the '.' (period) to anchor the cell and expand the pointer. Then press [enter]. Only the number of rows in the expanded pointer will be inserted. Column - Insert column(s) at cursor position. Extra columns are inserted like the row insertion. Delete Row - Delete row(s) at cursor position. Column - Delete column(s) at cursor position ColumnWidth - Adjust the width of the column occupied by the cursor Erase - Erase the ENTIRE contents of the spreadsheet You can not recover the spreadsheet UNLESS you have saved it on disk. Status - Providee information about the default settinf for the worksheet, available memory, etc. Quit - Return to main menu *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 48 /Range Format Fixed - Set the number of digits displayed after the decimal point. Scientific - Display the number in scientific notation. ',' - Put commas every thousand. Currency - Displays number with a dollar sign Negative numbers are surrounded by parentheses General - Decimals only displayed if they are not zero Percent - Displays number by multiplying by 100 and attaches a % sign +/- - Display positive numbers as an integer number of (+) signs, negative numbers as (-) signs Text - Displays all formulas as text items. Reset - Restore text Label-Prefix - Change the prefix character of a range of labels. Three choices are available. Left - Left Justify the label Center - Center the label Right - Right Justify the label Erase - Erase a range of cells Name Create - Assign a name to a range of the spreadsheet. Thereafter the name may be used in place of the cell reference. To redefine a name, press the [esc] key once. A list of all range names will be displayed on the next row. Move the pointer to highlight the selected range name and press [enter]. The range currently occupied by the NAME will be displayed. This range can be canceled by retyping the new range. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 49 Example: Try the following sequence of keystrokes /rncTOTAL [enter] a1 [enter]; Move the cursor to cell A2 and type +TOTAL [enter] The value of cell a1 should appear in cell A2. Trace - Displays a list of all cells which refer to the indicated cell. By highlighting the root cell, additional referenced cells may be viewed Delete - Remove a name from the list of range names. Reset - Erases all the Range Names from the Spreadsheet Table - Create a table of the ranges and range names in the spreadsheet /Copy - copies a block or cell to position of cursor Step 1. Highlight cell or range you want to copy. When range is finalized press [enter] Step 2. Move pointer to position where block is to be copied to. Press [enter] The block will be copied to the position of the cursor in step 2 and to cells to the right and below if more than one cell was indicated. All relative cell references are maintained while absolute cell references will remain unchanged. /Move - moves a block or cell to position of cursor *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 50 Step 1. Highlight cell or range you want to move from. When range is finalized press [enter]. Step 2. Move pointer to position where upper left hand corner of block is to be. Press [enter]. The cell or block will be move to the pointer position. All cell formula references are updated to reflect the new position and maintain the integrity of the reference. /File Retrieve - Read .WKS file into spreadsheet Save - Save entire spreadsheet as a .WKS file Combine - Load an existing worksheet into the current sheet at the position of the cursor. Direct substitution of cells occurs. Xtract - Extract the specified range of the worksheet and save as a .WKS file. Import - Load an ascii .prn file into spreadsheet at the cursor position. Erase - Erase the selected worksheet or print file from the disk. List - Display a list of all specified files in the current directory. Displays available memory in bytes and as a percentage of free memory still available on the disk. Worksheet - Select all files with a WKS and WK1 extension. Print - Select all files with a PRN extension. ALL - Display all files with wildcard *.*. Dir - Change current drive and path name. Quit - Return to main menu /Print Printer - send output to lineprinter 1 ( LPT1 ) File - send output to a disk file ( its a text file) *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 51 Note: if an extension is not specified the program will assume an extension of .PRN. However another extension can be specified by typing the whole filename i.e. Manual.doc . Range - Define range of spreadsheet to be printed. This must be performed before any of the spreadsheet can be printed. Line - Advance printer one line up Page - Advance printer to top of next page Align - ReSet line pointer to top of page Options Margins Left - Set left Margin (0..240) Right - Set Right Margin (0..240) Top - Set the top Margin Bottom - Set the Bottom Margin Setup - Control codes to printer in ascii ,i.e. Each code must be separated by the backslash character '\'. Example: \027\069 Emphasized text for Epson RX80 \015 Condensed text PageLength - Set the number of lines per page ,default 66 Header - Set a single line for header message Footer - Set a single line for footer message Quit - return to previous menu Go - Initiate the printing of the file to the selected device i.e. the printer or a disk . NOTE: You must define the range at least once before issueing this command or an error will occur. Quit - return to the main menu /Graph *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 52 Type x-y x values have a numeric value Lines - connect data pts with lines Symbols - identify data pts with symbols Both - use both lines and symbols. Bar - Bar chart Pie - Pie Chart Line - Line Chart. X values are not assigned a numeric value. Lines - connect data pts with lines Symbols - identify data pts with symbols Both - use both lines and symbols. X - define x - ordinate data range to be plotted A - define first y - ordinate data range B - define second y - ordinate data range C - define third y - ordinate data range D - define fourth E - define fifth F - define sixth Options Titles First - Define main title string on graph Second - Define second title string on graph X-Axis - Define the x-axis title Y-Axis - Define the y-axis title Quit Scale X-axis Y-axis Upper - Set Upper Scale limit ( note upper can be less than lower limit ) Lower - Set lower Scale limit Format - select display format, i.e. currency, percent ... Exponential - Change scale from Arithmetic to Logarithmic Step - Select number of steps across axis *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 53 Cancel - Reset the scale settings. Grid Horizontal - Draw a horizontal line at each scale division Vertical - Draw a vertical line at each scale division Both - Draw both a vertical and horizontal line at scale divisions. Clear - Reset Grids Quit - Return to previous menu Reset - Reset the range settings for Graph or X,ABCDEF View - View the graph defined previously Supported on CGA : 640 x 200 and Hercules : 720 x 348 graphics screens Plot - Produce a graph on an EPSON compatible printer. Quit - Return to the main menu /Quit - Exit the spreadsheet to DOS. NO - You can change your mind and return to the spreadsheet. YES - Your exit is irrevocable. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 54 3.1.1 Command Level Reference Chart (see file XREF or Appendix-A) *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 55 3.2 Mathematical Operators Cells are referenced as absolute or relative. An absolute cell has the row or column to be fixed preceded by a '$'. i.e. $A1 fixes the column portion of the cell . A block copy of this cell will not alter the 'A' portion of the cell. $A$1 fixes both the row an column portion of the cell. Without the '$' all copies of the cell formula will result in a translation of the cell reference so that it maintains a relative reference. Cell references must be preceded by either a '+' or '-' sign. - Performs negation of following term + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division ^ Exponentiation Example in cell A1 = +B1-A2*3+A4^3 3.3 Special Functions 3.3.1 Mathematical Functions The following functions act upon the arguement (represented by 'x' ) contained within the parenthesis. The argument may be a value or a formula which references other cells within the spreadsheet. Function Description @ABS(x) Returns the absolute value of arguement. Example. @ABS(-10) = 10 @INT(x) Integer value of arguement. The fractional part of the number is truncated and the integer *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 56 remainder is returned. Values must be within the range of; -35680 < x < 35678 Example: @INT(10.6) = 10 @SQRT(x) Square root of arguement. Example: @SQRT(2) = 1.4142135624 @LOG(x) Logarithmn to base '10' Example: @LOG(10) = 1 @LN(x) Natural Logarithmn of base 'e' Example: @LN(6)= 1.7917594692 @PI Constant which has a value of 3.1415926536 @SIN(x) Sine of angle, x must be expressed in radians. Example: @SIN(1.0471975512) = 0.86602540379 @COS(x) Cosine of angle, x in radians. Example: @COS(1.0471975512) = 0.5 @TAN(x) Tangent of angle, x in radians Example: @TAN(1.0471975512) = 1.7320508076 @ATAN(x) Arc Tangent of value, returns radians as result *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 57 Example: @ATAN(1.7320508076) = 1.0471975512 @ASIN(x) Arc sine of value, returns radians as result Example: @ASIN(0.86602540379) = 1.0471975512 @ACOS(x) Arc cosine of value, returns radians Example: @ACOS(0.5) = 1.0471975512 @EXP(x) Raise 'e' to the 'x' power Example: @EXP(5) = 148.4131591 @MOD(x,y) Modula division, returns the remainder of x divided by y Example: @MOD(10,3) = 1 @MOD(8,2) = 0 @NA Constant has a value of -1 @TRUE Constant has a value of 1 @FALSE Constant has a value of 0 @RAND Returns a variable random number @ROUND(x,y) Rounds the value of x to y digits right of the decimal. Negative numbers round to left of decimal. Example: @ROUND(10.1234,1) = 10.1 @ROUND(123.123,-2)= 100 *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 58 3.3.2 Financial Functions @PMT(Principal,interest rate,period) Returns the amount of an annuity equal to the principal amortized over the period. Example: @PMT(75000,0.0925,30) = 7462.606212 @PV(Annuity,interest rate,period) Returns the present value corresponding to an annuity occuring over the specified period. Reverse of the above. Example: @PV(700,0.0925,30) = 7035.0757508 @FV(Annuity,interest rate,period) Returns the future value corresponding to an annuity occuring over the specified period. Reverse of the above. Example: @FV(700,0.0925,30) = 99979.773228 @NPV(Interest rate,Range) Returns the Net present value of a cash flow over interest period. Example: @NPV(0.0925,A1..C1) @IRR(Interest rate,Range) *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 59 Returns the Rate of Return per period associated with a cash flow. Example: @IRR(0.0925,A1..C1) 3.3.3 Statistical Functions These functions operate on a range of values. A range specifies a rectangular block of data in the spreadsheet. Only ONE range may be used as an arguement. i.e. Range = A1..B10 defines the block of data from a1...b1 a10...b10 When specifying the range only two dots can be used to seperate cells. i.e. A1..B6 The range may be specified in two ways. The first way is to type the name of the formula up to and including the first bracket. At this point use the cursor keys to move the pointer out of the cell, and move it to one corner of the desired range you wish to highlight. Press the '.' key. This anchors the pointer so that additional pointer movements highlights more than just a single cell. Expand the pointer until the desired range is completely highlighted. If the range is bigger than that area displayed on the screen then press the '.' anchor key to examine each of the corners of the range. A little flashing cursor will indicate the current corner. It is also this side of the pointer which may be moved by the cursor keys. When the range is completly highlighted press any other key to return to your original cell and continue to input your formula. Or if your finished with the formula press the [enter] key. Your formula will be entered into the spreadsheet at the current cell position. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 60 The second way to specify a range is simply to type the range name by specifying the corners of the range as individual cells separated by two periods. i.e. A1..B2 Presented below are the statistical functions available within AS-EASY-AS. To illustrate the use of each function an example is included. All examples will operate on the numbers contained in the portion of the spreadsheet duplicated below, A1..B2 /........A/.......B/.......C/ 1 1.1 5.6 8.2 2 2.3 7.5 10 3 3.5 4.4 2 @SUM(Range) Returns the summation of the range Ex. @sum(A1..C3) = 44.6 @AVG(Range) Returns the average of the range Ex. @avg(a1..B2) = 4.955555 @COUNT(Range) Returns the number of elements in the range Ex. @count(A1..B2) = 9 @MIN(Range) Returns the minimum value in the range Ex. @min(A1..B2) = 1.1 @MAX(Range) Returns the maximum value in the range Ex. @max(A1..B2) = 10 @VAR(Range) Returns the population variance of the range Ex. @var(A1..B2) = 8.438024 @STD(Range) Returns the standard deviation of the elements in the range *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 61 Ex. @std(A1..B2) = 2.904827 @HLOOKUP(compare,range,ofs) Returns the value at vertical offset in the column that matches the compare value. Ex. @HLOOKUP(5.6,A1..C3,1) @VLOOKUP(compare,range,ofs) Returns the value at horizontal offset in the row that matches the compare value. Ex. @VLOOKUP(2.3,A1..C3,2) 3.3.4 Logical Functions Logical Operators Operators return a value of 1 if true and 0 if false. They may be used within a formula. = Equal <> Not Equal >= Greater Than or Equal <= Less Than or Equal < Less Than > Greater Than @IF(Test arguement,arg1,arg2) Based on result of test returns: value of arg1 if the test is true value of arg2 if the test is false *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 62 Test must utilize logical operators >,<,=,<> etc. Example @if(10>2,3*2,4+5) = 6 @IF(10<2,3*2,4+5) = 9 As an example of using a logical comparison within a formula try the following: +(a1>2)*3+(a1<=2)*4 This formula will yield a result of 3 if the value stored in cell A1 is greater than 2 and will yield a 4 if the value is less than 2. 3.3.5 Date Functions AS-EASY-AS provides the ability for your spreadsheet to supply a date stamp for your spreadsheet. @DATE(Year,Month,Day) Returns a unique integer for each day since Jan 1,1900 @TODAY Returns the unique integer corresponding to todays date referenced to Jan 1, 1900 @YEAR(x) Based on unique day assigned to 'x', computes the year in which that day occurs 3.4 Graphs Four types of graphs are available in AS-EASY-AS, the x-y, Bar, Pie and Line graphs. The graphs can be scaled on both the X *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 63 ordinate and the Y ordinate so that the entire graphed range ( or a portion of the graphed range ) may be displayed. A logorathmic adjustment to either or both of the x and y scales may be performed. All data points are extracted directly from any area on the spreadsheet. The graph menu is accessed by typing the following keys: \g Which stands for \ GRAPH The graph menu will display the following choices. Type X A B C D E F Other View Plot Quit [______________] y-ranges Six total curves may be displayed on a single graph. Each curve corresponds to one of the y-ranges, selected by pressing a letter from A thru F. To define a curve the range of X values must be defined. After at least one of the curves has been defined, (i.e. X-range and A-range) the command VIEW must be selected from the menu. This causes the graph to be plotted on the screen in a high resolution mode (CGA 640 x 200 or Hercules 720 x 348 ). Note that if you have an IBM monochrome video board you will NOT be able to plot a graph. AS-EASY-AS graphics work with video boards corresponding to the IBM color graphics adaptor the hercules graphics standards, or the Enhanced Graphics Adaptor. Titles, grids or Scales for the graph may be defined by selecting the OTHER command. Plots may be produced on EPSON compatible printers. A two pass method is used to create a high dot density picture. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 64 3.5 Macros A macro is a sequence of keystrokes which may be activated by pressing a single key. AS-EASY-AS supports limited macros. An example macro would be the following; {RIGHT}{RIGHT}{DOWN} The words in braces represent an action keystroke. The above macro will move the pointer two cells to the right and one cell down. The macro may be placed in any cell. The macro must have a special type of RANGE NAME assigned to its location. The special range name is the backslash [\] followed immediately by any letter from 'a' thru 'z'. For example; \A This specific macro may be activated by pressing the [alt] key and the letter 'A' simultaneously. Therefore, even though the backslash is used to define the range name it actually represents the [alt] key. To define a range name type the following: /rnc Which stands for /RANGE NAME CREATE. After you pressed the letter 'C' (for CREATE) the spreadsheet will prompt YOU for the name of the range. Now type the range name and press the enter key AFTER you are finished. (Be careful, don't have any spaces between the range name). The next step involves typing( or pointing) the cell which the macro occupies. If the macro was in cell A1 the type A1 [enter]. The powerful macros that are supported by AS-EASY-AS, provide a complete programming environment for most applications. Macros can be chained together to provide self running applications, to branch to a certain cell in the spreadsheet and to do virtually anything that can be done manually through the command mode. All commands available in AS-EASY-AS can be invoked from within a macro with the key-letter (the first letter in the command). In addition, the following movement commands are available: *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 65 {LEFT} {RIGHT} {DOWN} {UP} {HOME} {END} {GOTO} Please note that the keystroke [ENTER], in a macro, is represented by the tilde (~) which generally is on the key next to the double quote. Macros are executed from left to right in a given cell until a blank space is found. If there is no blank space at the end of a macro in a cell, the execution is transfered to the cell below and the process continues. For example, assume that cells A5 and A6 contain the following macros: (when typing a macro, remember to start with a single quote to avoid executing the commands as you are typing). A5 -- {HOME}/c~{RIGHT}{RIGHT}~ A6 -- {GOTO}A1~/m.{RIGHT}~B10~{GOTO}B12~/re~ Label cell A5 as /T by pressing: /rnc/T [ENTER] and then, every time you press ALT-T, AS-EASY-AS interprets the macro and does the following: MACRO COMMAND ACTION TAKEN BY AS-EASY-AS {HOME} cursor moves to A1 / command line invoked c copying process starts, copy From is shown ~ copy From is A1, Copy To is shown {RIGHT} cursor moves to B1 {RIGHT} cursor moves to C1, B1 and C1 highlighted *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 66 ~ copying takes place, contents of cell A1 are copied to cells B1 and C1. Provided that there is no space after the last tilde, execution is transferred to A6. {GOTO}A1~ this is the same as pressing F5, typing A1 and pressing [ENTER] in command mode. Cursor goes to A1. m Move command invoked, move from is show. period pointer anchored, Move From A1..A1 is shown {RIGHT} cursor moves to B1, Move From A1..B1 shown ~ Move From done, Move To A1 is shown B10~ Cursor moves to B10, contents of cells A1 and B1 are moved to cells B10 and B11. {GOTO}B12~ Cursor moves to B12 / Command menu invoked r Range submenu invoked e erase command invoked ~ contents of cell B12 are erased. Execution of the macro stops, provided no macro exists in cell A7. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Page 67 INVOICE =========== Purchased From: TRIUS Inc. 15 Atkinson St. Lynn, Mass. 01905 |===========================================================| |Item | Description | Qty | Price |TOTAL | | | | | each | | |===========================================================| | | | | | | |AS-EASY-AS | Spreadsheet | | | | | | Program | | $30.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |===========================================================| | | | TOTAL DUE: | | | | -- Single user purchase only -- | |- Multiuser discounts available, please contact TRIUS Inc.-| |===========================================================| Retain this copy for your records. *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Appendix - A: Command Level Reference Chart Page A-1 This appendix provides a quick cross-reference of the command structure employed in AS-EASY-AS. The interpretation of the chart is as in the following example: 7.9.2.1.4---Exponential | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |...Fourth command of X-Axis menu (Exponential) | | | | | | | |...First command of Scale menu (X-Axis) | | | | | |...Second command of Options menu (Scale) | | | |...Ninth command of Graph menu (Options) | |...Seventh command of Main menu (Graph) *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Appendix - A: Command Level Reference Chart Page A-2 =.=.=.=.=.=.=.=. CROSS-REFERENCE CHART .=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.= 1---Worksheet | 1.1---Global | | 1.1.1---Format | | 1.1.2---Column-Width | | 1.1.3---Label-Prefix | | 1.1.4---Recalculation | | 1.1.4.1---Manual | | 1.1.4.2---Automatic | | 1.1.4.3---Display | 1.2---Status | 1.3---Insert | | 1.3.1---Row | | 1.3.2---Column | 1.4---Delete | | 1.4.1---Row | | 1.4.2---Column | 1.5---Column-Width | 1.6---Erase | 1.7---Status | 1.8---Quit 2---Range | 2.1---Format | | 2.1.1---Fixed | | 2.1.3---Scientific | | 2.1.4---',' | | 2.1.5---General | | 2.1.6---Currency | | 2.1.7---Percent | | 2.1.8---+/- | | 2.1.9---Text | | 2.1.10--Reset | 2.2---Label-Prefix | | 2.2.1---Left | | 2.2.2---Center | | 2.2.3---Right | 2.3---Erase *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Appendix - A: Command Level Reference Chart Page A-3 | 2.4---Trace | 2.5---Name | 2.5.1---Create | 2.5.2---Delete 3---Copy 4---Move 5---File | 5.1---Retrieve | 5.2---Save | 5.3---Xtract | 5.4---Combine | 5.5---Import | 5.6---Erase | 5.7---List | | 5.7.1---Worksheet | | 5.7.2---Print | | 5.7.3---All | 5.8---Dir | 5.9---Quit 6---Print | 6.1---Printer | 6.2---File | 6.2.1---Range | 6.2.2---Page | 6.2.3---Line | 6.2.4---Align | 6.2.5---Options | | 6.2.5.1---Margins | | | 6.2.5.1.1---Left | | | 6.2.5.1.2---Right | | | 6.2.5.1.3---Top | | | 6.2.5.1.4---Bottom | | 6.2.5.2---Setup | | 6.2.5.3---PageLength | | 6.2.5.4---Header | | 6.2.5.5---Footer | | 6.2.5.6--Quit | 6.2.6---Go | 6.2.7---Quit 7---Graph | 7.1---Type *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Appendix - A: Command Level Reference Chart Page A-4 | | 7.1.1---X-Y | | | 7.1.1.1---Lines | | | 7.1.1.2---Symbols | | | 7.1.1.3---Both | | 7.1.2---Bar | | 7.1.3---Pie | | 7.1.4---Line | | 7.1.4.1---Lines | | 7.1.4.2---Symbols | | 7.1.4.3---Both | 7.2---X | 7.3---A | 7.4---B | 7.5---C | 7.6---D | 7.7---E | 7.8---F | 7.9---Options | | 7.9.1---Titles | | | 7.9.1.1---First | | | 7.9.1.2---Second | | | 7.9.1.3---X-Axis | | | 7.9.1.4---Y-Axis | | 7.9.2---Scale | | | 7.9.2.1---X-Axis | | | | 7.9.2.1.1---Upper | | | | 7.9.2.1.2---Lower | | | | 7.9.2.1.3---Format | | | | 7.9.2.1.4---Exponential | | | | 7.9.2.1.5---Step | | | | 7.9.2.1.6---Cancel | | | | 7.9.2.1.7---Quit | | | 7.9.2.2---Y-Axis | | | | 7.9.2.2.1---Upper | | | | 7.9.2.2.2---Lower | | | | 7.9.2.2.3---Format | | | | 7.9.2.2.4---Exponential | | | | 7.9.2.2.5---Step | | | | 7.9.2.2.6---Cancel | | | | 7.9.2.2.7---Quit | | 7.9.3---Grid *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05 Appendix - A: Command Level Reference Chart Page A-5 | | 7.9.3.1---X | | 7.9.3.2---Y | | 7.9.3.3---Both | 7.10---Reset | 7.11---View | 7.12---Plot | 7.13---Quit 8---Quit 8.1---Yes 8.2---No *AS-EASY-AS Copyright 1985, 1986 TRIUS, Inc. Ver. 2.05